Haiti

Hey guys, Lukach with some feedback on your prezi and wiki. The wiki looks sharp, very sharp. Solid answers, excellent evidence of research, and good visuals to help. One of the stronger wikis. 40/40. Your presentations were good, lots of background information. However, while your prezi looked very good, it was actually a bit text heavy. You had unnecessary transitions that slowed things down a bit. It'd be nice to tighten the transitions, and cut out some text, to make it flow better. 18/20. As for participation, from all appearances is seems that you guys worked pretty well together with good collaboration. 20/20 for both. Nicely done.

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The History of Haiti __ From Colonization to Bloodshed and finally Independence

By Daniel Hoffman & Krysten Pfau

//(Haiti's flag)//

Before Haiti was a republic or even an independent nation, it was colonized by European countries such as Spain and France. Eventually, colonization and the mistreatment of the Taino-Arawak Indians led to rebellions, battles, and bloodshed until Haiti finally gained independence. Ever since Haiti, now a Caribbean country, was discovered and colonized in 1492, it has had to overcome many difficulties.

//First, a short clip of Haiti and the hardships it has had to deal with after declaring independence from the French and creating the first ever black republic. //

media type="youtube" key="AZQ0w-5qJdA" height="340" width="560" align="center"

@http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZQ0w-5qJdA

1. **Who colonized Haiti, and when? ** Originally, Haiti was was settled by Christopher Columbus in the present day city of Cap-Haitien. Columbus first came to the island and named it Hispaniola on December 5, 1492. [|found here] When he went ashore he claimed the land for Spain.[|map haiti](a map and location of Haiti and Cap-Haitien). The colonization of Haiti officially started when Columbus' ship, the Santa Maria, ran aground. He decided to have the sailors establish a settlement called La Navidad, located in present day Haiti, out of the remains of the ship. [|Found here].

//(Map of Haiti)//

2. **Was the colonization violent or peaceful? ** Initially, Haiti and the island of Hispaniola, were inhabited by the Taino-Arawak Indians. On December 5, 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived in Hispaniola, at Cap-Haitien. The Taino-Arawak were at first friendly and hospitable toward the settlers; however, that soon changed when the Spanish started mistreating the natives. As Spain's first colony, La Navidad, was being established, the men mistreated the natives. As a result, the natives killed the men and destroyed their settlement. Found [|here.] However, the Spanish continued their colonization of Hispaniola and of present day Haiti. Expecting to find gold, Columbus and his comrades showed hostility towards the Taino-Arawak Indians and later were frustrated when they failed to obtain massive amounts of precious metals. Furthermore, the Spanish started to abuse the natives by forcing them into labor and enslaving them. Found [|here]. As the Spaniards showed intolerance toward the natives, the Indians retaliated with violence.[|found here]

//(The interaction between the first explorers/settelers and natives)//

Before the Spanish arrived the Taino-Arawak Indians, the native people, lived in separate kingdoms. They spoke the language Arawakan and called their land Kiskeya, Ayti, or Hayti which means mountainous, instead of Hispaniola, which the Spanish called it. found [|here]. These kingdoms or chiefdoms were split into 5 major parts. They were Marien (Bainoa), Ciguayos (Cayabo or Maguana), Magua (Huhabo), Xaragua, and Higuey (Caizcimu). Found [|here]. The caciques or cheifs for these provinces were cacique Guacanagaric, Caonabo, Guarionex, Behechio, and Cotubanama or Cayacoa. Also found here [|here]. The lifestyle of the Taino-Arawak Indians before the colonization was surprisingly characterized around happiness, friendliness, and gentleness. Status was also very important to them. The cacique or cheif was the most respected along with the sub-caciques, medicine men, and priests who still held honorable positions and preformed services for the province, but were not as important. People also paid tribute or taxes to the cacique of the province they lived in so that he would oversee the village. While the men in the village were naked, some women wore skirts. However, both decorated their bodies with shells, paint, and other decoratons. The Taino-Arawak Indians practiced polygamy so men had about 2 or 3 wives. However, the caciques had as many as 30 wives who were more respected and wealthier than regular men's wives. For regular people, 10 to 15 men, including their wives, lived in large circular houses made of poles, woven straw, and palm leaves. The caciques lived with only their family in retengular houses with a small porch made from the same materials. Houses contained very little furniture. The different types of furniture people had were cotton hammocks and banana leaf mats to sleep on, wooden chairs, couches, and cradles. Furthermore, the houses were built around a flat court used for sports, games, religious celebrations and festivals. As a food source, the Taino-Arawak Indians used hunting, fishing, and their system of agriculture. They grew nutritious foods such as corn, squash, beans, sweet potatoes, yams, peppers, and peanuts. They used canoes made from tree trunks for fishing and transportation. As for defense, they had bows, poison tipped arrows, and clubs. The Taino-Arawakan's religion consisted of various gods called Zemi, who controlled different parts of the universe. People worshipped and gave thanks to the Zemi in hopes to be accepted into the afterlife and for guidence, healing, and overall aid. They gave thanks to the Zemi by dancing in religious festivals and ceremonies, and sometimes induce vomitting to get rid of impurities. People made many religous carvings, paintings, and sculptures in caves. [|found here].
 * 3. In one paragraph, describe the life of the indigenous people before the Europeans showed up **

 //(A sculpture of one of many Zemi)//

4 **. What did the European colonizer hope to economically gain in taking Haiti? ** The Spanish hoped to gain economic wealth from Haiti by enslaving the indegenous people and exploiting the land for gold and silver. The Spanish also hoped to create major sugar plantations in Haiti, which they did, soon after it's colonization. By trafficing African slaves, mining for precious metals, and making huge sugar plantations, the Spanish gained major economic wealth. This was found [|here]. Furthermore, the Spanish wanted to use Haiti's vast amount of forrests to provide them with lumber and charcoal. This was found [|here]. They also wanted to expand into other lands and spread their religion, Roman Catholicism. By claiming Haiti as their own and colonizing it, the Spanish hoped to use Haiti as a starting point for conquests of other lands. They used Haiti to gain resources and to test out different administrative techniques to help them govern other lands they planned to conquer in the future. This was found [|here]

//(The image of slavery)//

//__*There were five primary Caciques (chiefs) during the time Columbus landed__ ////__*__ // --> each Cacique responded differently to Columbus and the Spanish colonization Including: ([|Caciques Info Found Here]) a) Guacanagaric: Living only two miles southeast of Cap-Haitien, he became an advisor of Columbus. He knew that the Spaniards offered protection for them against other marauding Indians. He eventually became a friend of the Spaniards and Columbus. b) Caonabo: Unlike Guacanagaric, he rallied against the Spaniards after he had seen they showed violence toward his people. He led an uprising against the Spaniards and killed many sailors. Eventually, he was fooled by the settler in believing that they offered peace. He was tricked into thinking that handcuffs were a type of metal ornaments and was shipped away to Spain. c) Guarionex: He had jurisdiction over some of the most coveted land on the island. His land was fertile and extremely good for growing agriculture. He was forced to release his land. He was later imprisoned and dealt with brutally. d) Behechio: Notably, he had a sister who was the widow of Caonabo. Her name was Anacaona. The Spaniards killed Behecio and was after Anacaona because of her relationships with the two Caciques. She was found in a small villiage north of present day Port-au-Prince. She was then hanged. e) Cotubanama: He had jurisdiction of Higuey. This is significant because the Spaniards believed that this area was rich with gold. They infiltrated the area and forced the Indians to tell them were the non existent gold was. This did not end up well for Cotubanama or his people. They were decimated and Cotubanama was hanged. A Spanish settler, Bartolome De Las Casas even reported that, "infinite was the number of people I saw burned alive" ([|De La Casa Quote--found here]) f) Bartalome De Las Casas: He was a son of a sailor who sailed with Columbus. During the time of slavery in Haiti, De Las Casas showed sympathy toward the slaves in 1502. In 1509 he became a priest and gave up his slaves.[|found here] 6. How long was your territory a colony? When did it gain independence, and why? Haiti was a colony for a total of 312 years (1492--1804). It gained independence on January 1, 1804. Found [|here]. **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">After the treaty of Ryswick, Hispaniola divided into two parts, one controlled by the French, the other controlled by the Spanish. The French land was extremely fertile. Because of this, the French shipped in thousands of slaves from western Africa to grow crops. These are the same slaves that rebelled. These slaves, led by Boukman, were upset because they were faced with extreme violence and threats from the French. ** Haiti gained independence partly because of many slave rebellions which greatly weakened the power the French had over them. However, the main reason why they won independence was because of the Hatian Revolution. Starting in 1791 and ending in 1804, the Hatian revolution was a period of great violence. Found [|here]. At the Battle of Vertieres, the slaves, lead by Dutty Boukman, defeated the French troops and demanded independence. Haiti became the first ever black republic under General Jean-Jacques Dessalines. Dessalines then declared himself emperor in 1805 until he was assassinated in 1806. [|Found here].
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. Identify 3 key characters in the process of colonization. At least one should be European, and at least one should be indigenous. **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

** //(The Hatian Revolution)//

There are many different ways to interpret this question. One point of view one could use would be that of the Taino-Arawak Indians. These Indians lived a complete, happy, friendly, and self fulfilled lifestyle. After the Spanish settlers landed, many Indians were taken advantage of and abused. Those who rebelled were dominated because of the Spanish's technological advantage. Even some of those who offered peace were tricked to give the Spanish what they wanted and killed. Truly, the inherent gentleness of these Indians was abolished and rightfully replaced with contempt toward the Spanish. Overall, these gentle Indians were transformed into rebels full of disdain. Not many natives survived the colonization because of disease, mistreatment, revolts, and battles. Another point of view that could be taken, was that of French and Spanish. Both France and Spain came into Haiti with the goal of profiting off of the land by growing crops, establishing huge sugar plantations, and exploiting it for gold. The French introduced slaves from western Africa. This helped Haiti set up a stable economy for years to come. However, this benefit seems to be countered by the sheer amount of slaves that were killed and abused. Overall, colonization proved to be negative, because in its wake, culture and tradition of the natives was lost forever. But, colonization also had a small upside, in setting up an economical basis and providing other abused peoples with an inspirational example of fighting for freedom. ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 8. Find two ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">primary sources **   <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">that are affiliated with your colonization. One must be European, one must be indigenous. (embed them in your wiki) ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. In general, do you think that colonization was a good thing for your territory?

//(Christopher Columbus)//

One primary document I am going to use is Christopher Columbus' journal enteries [|found here]. Another european primary document is from the cheif justice of hispaniola [|found here] One Indigenous primary document is Haiti's Constitution, found [|here].

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9. How do these primary sources help to explain the attitudes of the colonized and the colonizers? ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> These primary sources help to explain the negative attitudes of the colonized and the decieving attitudes of the colonizers. Christopher Columbus' journal reveals how he doesn't care much for the indegenous people. He only cares about the goods he will receive from the land and if the people don't give it to him willingly then they "all can be subjugated and made to do everything which is desired." He sees how poor this land is and also sees how he can use that to his advantage. Because he only found Haiti while trying to expand and bring more wealth to his country, Columbus doesn't care how he attains his wealth-even if it means forcing the natives to subject to them and their culture. Also, the primary documents reveal how the Europeans felt superior to the Taino-Arawakans. This resulted in the Europeans taking advantage of their superior attitudes and enslaving, abusing, and mistreating the natives. The Haitians knew that they were being treaty horribly and resented the Europeans for it. The priamary documents help to explain how the Haitians wanted equality and independence from France. They hated the Europeans for oppressing and treating them badly for so long that their constitution forbids any white person from "put[ting] his foot on this territory with the title of master or proprietor". Overall, the Spanish and French were selfish, greedy, and violent while the Haitians were furious, resentful, and tired of being oppressed. Furthermore, the primary documents show how the attitudes of the Spanish and French fueled the attitudes of the Haitians. Because they were only focused on what they could gain from Haiti and abused the natives, the French and Spanish essentially made the natives hate them. The Taino-Arawakan people were furious at the Europeans only because of their horrendous actions and oppressive, unjust, and superior attitudes towards them.

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//(Our Prezi)//

A quick youtube video to see after Prezi summarizing the history of Haiti [|This is the link]

Works Cited "BBC News - Haiti's history of misery." //BBC NEWS | News Front Page//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8456728.stm>. "Bob Corbett's Haiti Page." //Webster University//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/haiti.html>. "CIA - The World Factbook -- Haiti." //Welcome to the CIA Web Site Central Intelligence Agency//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html>. "Haiti-SPANISH DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION." //Tropical Rainforest Conservation - mongabay.com//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <http://www.mongabay.com/history/haiti/haiti-spanish_discovery_and_colonization.html>. "History of Haiti - Spanish Discovery and Colonization." //Traveling Haiti .com//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <http://www.travelinghaiti.com/history_of_haiti/spanish_colonization.asp>. "History of HAITI." //HistoryWorld - History and Timelines//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab41>. "INTERACTIVE: Haiti Timeline - Haiti earthquake - MSNBC.com." //Breaking News, Weather, Business, Health, Entertainment, Sports, Politics, Travel, Science, Technology, Local, US & World News- msnbc.com//. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. <http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34831414/>. "The Log of Columbus." //The Columbus Navigation Homepage//. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. <http://www.columbusnavigation.com/diario.shtml>. "Pre-Columbian Hispaniola - Arawak/Taino Indians." //Hartford Web Publishing//. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. <http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/100.html>.