Indochina

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Hey guys, it's Lukach updating with feedback on your Prezi and wiki. The wiki is fantastic. Extremely thoughtful, excellent, well-developed answers. Solid, solid, solid. 40/40. The Prezi was quite snazzy with some solid transitions. Good way to capture attention. The only thing I'd update is that it doesn't use the ability to establish visual "big pictures" and overviews. The presentations themselves were both pretty engaging. 18/20. The collaboration seems pretty clear that it was "I'll do this, you do that." that was effective in this case, but would have been more successful if you had overseen each other's work a bit more. 17/20 ====== ** French Indochina **  By Kayla Noguchi, Alyson Perna and Clara Belting  =**__Territory of Indochina__ **=  [|link]  =**__Questions__ **=

**1. Who colonized your territory and when? **

 *  Indochina was colonized by the French in October of 1887. **

**2. Was the colonization violent or peaceful? **
 After French troops colonized Vietnam and established firm control, the colonization period was a series of violent rebellions, revolts and wars. From 1885 to 1895, Phan Dinh Phung, a Vietnamese revolutionary, led a rebellion against the French colonizing power, but the effort failed. At the same time in 1893, the Franco-Siamese War began, a territorial conflict between France and Vietnam over the Indochinese peninsula. Although, the French continued to have power for almost 40 more years. Later in 1930, Vietnamese soldiers started the colony's largest uprising in attempt to overthrow colonial authority and to inspire more uprisings among the population. Ten years later, the Japanese signed a pact with France, and occupied Vietnam. Japanese authority only lasted for five years though, and in 1946, the most famous and longest war in Indochinese history, The First Indochina War, began. The first years of the war were low-level revolts against French command, until it turned into a battle between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the US and the Soviet Union. The Vietnamese were finally able to beat France by attacking a French base in a remote part of Indochina. At the Battle of Na San, the Vietnamese took advantage of France's lack of construction materials (concrete), road access, tanks, and air cover. The war ended in August of 1954, and ultimately resulted in Viet Minh victory, French withdrawal from Indochina and recognition of Indochina as a free state.

**3. Describe the life of the indigenous people before the Europeans showed up. **
 Because of the location of Indochina (south of China, east of India), the Indochinese culture was very much influenced by, mainly, those two countries. Territories such as Laos and Cambodia presented more Indian influence over Chinese, but in contrast, Cambodia and Vietnam were more impacted by //Chinese // <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> culture, shown through their clothing and cuisine. Also in Indochina, but not part of the //French// Indochina territory- Myanmar exhibited equal influence from India and China. Additionally, Malaysia and Singapore showed heavy influence of Indian culture, subsequently, Islamic culture, and finally Chinese culture due to the increase in Chinese immigration. On account of the extreme diversity of cultural influence in Indochina, it is difficult to describe the life of all the pre-colonized, indigenous Indochinese people exactly. [|link]

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">4. What did the European colonizer hope to economically gain in taking this territory? **
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal;"> The competition presented by neighboring European countries and the United States in terms of trade put France in a tough economic situation. Prime Minister Jules Ferry spoke of the hardworking and industrialized French people needing outlets for their products, as goods are "no longer limited to the circle of large European states." He warns his fellow Frenchmen of the day where their "ownership" of the South American market will reach conflict with North American commodities. Ferry also explains the need of alternate locations to act as shelters for their ships, as they will need re-supplying and re-provisioning, and as "ports of defense." Ultimately, the French hoped their colonization of Indochina would provide them with a larger, and therefore more profitable trade market, big enough to remain a powerful European economic competitor. **

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">5. Identify 3 key characters in the process of colonization. At least one should be European, and at least one should be indigenous. **
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal;">//France- colonizers; took control of Indochina. Vietnam- indigenous people; fought against French authority to gain independence. Japan- invaders; in agreement with the French, Japan occupied Vietnam and established authority.// ** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">1. Father Alexander de Rhodes (European): [|Link] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Father Alexander de Rhodes was a Jesuit missionary from France, heavily involved with promoting Christianity in Vietnam. He arrived in Indochina in 1619. His literary works include the first Vietnamese Catechism and first Portuguese-Latin-Vietnamese dictionary. This dictionary was used by Vietnamese scholars to create the national writing system still used today, called Quốc Ngữ. He was exiled from Vietnam in 1630 due to fears one Vietnamese leader, Trinh Trang, had of Catholicism. He was involved in the process of colonization because he played an important role in the first French relations with the Vietnamese.

2. Phan Dinh Phung (Indigenous): [|Link] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">Phan Dinh Phung was a Vietnamese scholar and revolutionary in the 19th century. He is notable for being one of the most recognized Confucian scholars leading insurgent armies against the French, and is recognized as a national hero. His troops were strong and well-disciplined, and caused severe damage to French forces for ten difficult years (1885-1895). Although he inspired and gained the support of many, his death in 1895 was ultimately the end of anti-French rebellion. Phung's role in the colonization process was his strong and spirited leadership of the extensive insurrection.

3. Ho Chi Minh (Indigenous): [|Link] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> Ho Chi Minh was a Confucian scholar so highly resistant of French presence in Vietnam that he, even as a teacher, refused to learn the French language. He was also a sailor and traveled to various parts of the world, discovering that there were other countries under "exploitation," learning and accepting communism. He gathered a group of exiled Vietnamese revolutionaries to form an insurgent group on the China/Vietnamese border. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14.3px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Leading the Viet Minh Independence Movement, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px;"> h <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal;">e established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, which sparked conflict within the international community. He was president of the Communist North Vietnam until his death in 1969, and his an eternal symbol of Communism in Vietnam. The capital city of Saigon was renamed in honor of Ho Chi Minh in 1976.

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">6. How long was your territory a colony? When did it gain independence, and why? **
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal;"> Indochina (the current states of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) officially became a French colony in 1887 and was so for 67 years (1887-1954.) [|link] Indochina gained independence in 1950 after winning the First Indochina War, although fighting lasted until 1954 and the creation of the Geneva Accord prevented full freedom. Declared Independence ([|information] ):
 * Independence of North Vietnam || September 2, 1945 ||
 * Independence of South Vietnam || June 14, 1949 ||
 * Independence of Laos || July 19, 1949 ||
 * Independence of Cambodia || November 9, 1953 ||

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;">7. In general, do you think that colonization was a good thing for your territory? **
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal;">Because of the numerous conflicts, violence, and resistance that followed the colonization of Indochina, this should not be considered a good thing. The heavily resisted 66-year long French colonization ended with documents called the Geneva Accords, in 1954. These agreements between the French and the Vietminh freed Indochina from France, allowing the territory autonomy, while ending foreign "involvement" with domestic matters. However, the Geneva Conference determined holding "internationally supervised," nationwide free elections, which caused controversy. Although the Geneva Accords were supposedly for the benefit of Indochina, the territory was actually split up that year (1954); it was the year of full independence for Laos and Cambodia, and the start of US entanglement that ultimately resulted in the Vietnam War in 1959. So, in general, no, the colonization was a long and bad pursuit leading to much warfare that caused dispute and the eventual end of "Indochina" as a territory (in addition, not permitting complete freedom-see #6.) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">[|link1] [|link2]

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 80%;"> 8. Find two primary sources that are affiliated with your colonization. **
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal;"> Jules Ferry, two-time French Prime Minister (1880-81, 1883-1885), speech on French Colonial Expansion- **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-weight: normal;">[|Translated and modernized]: <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">"The policy of colonial expansion is a political and economic system ... that can be connected to three sets of ideas: economic ideas; the most far-reaching ideas of civilization; and ideas of a political and patriotic sort. In the area of economics, I am placing before you, with the support of some statistics, the considerations that justify the policy of colonial expansion, as seen from the perspective of a need, felt more and more urgently by the industrialized population of Europe and especially the people of our rich and hardworking country of France: the need for outlets [for exports]. Is this a fantasy? Is this a concern [that can wait] for the future? Or is this not a pressing need, one may say a crying need, of our industrial population? I merely express in a general way what each one of you can see for himself in the various parts of France. Yes, what our major industries [textiles, etc.], irrevocably steered by the treaties of 18601 into exports, lack more and more are outlets. Why? Because next door Germany is setting up trade barriers; because across the ocean the United States of America have become protectionists, and extreme protectionists at that; because not only are these great markets ... shrinking, becoming more and more difficult of access, but these great states are beginning to pour into our own markets products not seen there before. This is true not only for our agriculture, which has been so sorely tried ... and for which competition is no longer limited to the circle of large European states .... Today, as you know, competition, the law of supply and demand, freedom of trade, the effects of speculation, all radiate in a circle that reaches to the ends of the earth .... That is a great complication, a great economic difficulty; ... an extremely serious problem. It is so serious, gentlemen, so acute, that the least informed persons must already glimpse, foresee, and take precautions against the time when the great South American market that has, in a manner of speaking, belonged to us forever will be disputed and perhaps taken away from us by North American products. Nothing is more serious; there can be no graver social problem; and these matters are linked intimately to colonial policy. Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races .... I repeat, that the superior races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races .... In the history of earlier centuries these duties, gentlemen, have often been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race .... But, in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire [the Second Empire, of Napoleon 1111, to Saigon, to Indochina [Vietnam], that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar-I say that this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by... the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas .... Are you unaware of this? Look at a map of the world. Gentlemen, these are considerations that merit the full attention of patriots. The conditions of naval warfare have greatly changed .... At present, as you know, a warship, however perfect its design, cannot carry more than two weeks' supply of coal; and a vessel without coal is a wreck on the high seas, abandoned to the first occupier. Hence the need to have places of supply, shelters, ports for defense and provisioning.... And that is why we needed Tunisia; that is why we needed Saigon and Indochina; that is why we need Madagascar... and why we shall never leave them! ... Gentlemen, in Europe such as it is today, in this competition of the many rivals we see rising up around us, some by military or naval improvements, others by the prodigious development of a constantly growing population; in a Europe, or rather in a universe thus constituted, a policy of withdrawal or abstention is simply the high road to decadence! In our time nations are great only through the activity they deploy; it is not by spreading the peaceable light of their institutions ... that they are great, in the present day. Spreading light without acting, without taking part in the affairs of the world, keeping out of all European alliances and seeing as a trap, an adventure, all expansion into Africa or the Orient-for a great nation to live this way, believe me, is to abdicate and, in less time than you may think, to sink from the first rank to the third and fourth." <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Indigenous:** **<span style="display: inline ! important; text-align: center;">[[image:http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/multimedia/pictures/asia/vietnam/history/hunghoa.jpg width="384" height="589" link="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/multimedia/pictures/asia/vietnam/history/hunghoa.jpg"]]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> European:
 * [[image:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Tb0o04mmIGo/SfXunaYbq8I/AAAAAAAAAP4/lFH8jmS8SHk/s400/Jules+ferry.jpg]][|link]**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%; font-weight: normal;"> "The French assault on Hung Hoa citadel" (1884), also entitled "Vietnamese perspective on on French Invasion of Indochina, 1884"

**<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;"> 9. How do these primary sources help to explain the attitudes of the colonized and the colonizers? **
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> **European**- In Ferry's speech, he speaks of the "superior race" (European, white) being worthier than the "inferior races" (non-European, non-white). He writes that "they have the duty to //civilize// the inferior races," seemingly justifying his invasion and colonization of distant nations. Ferry also includes the fact that warships can only run on two weeks worth of coal, and colonies like Indochina are vital for France, as places of "supply, shelters, ports for defense and provisioning." He sees the European countries around him rising in power due to their new naval and army strength through colonial expansion, and pushes the idea to the French Chamber of Deputies. Through his speech, Jules Ferry portrays the generally condescending attitude of the colonizers. =**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Video Clips__ **= <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13.2px;"> Battle of Dien Bien Phu- French vs. Viet Minh revolutionaries; footage of battle and victory: ** media type="youtube" key="o4Ggih20lpc" height="344" width="425"
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Indigenous **- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">I <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;">n this painting, an anonymous Vietnamese artist depicts the French invasion on Indochina. The piece of art has a negative connotation, as the viewer sees the overwhelming numbers of French forces clearly dominating the fleeing Vietnamese soldiers. The artist paints a very one-sided battle, which was a common theme in colonization. Indochinese swords are no competition to the French firepower and aviation abilities, and so, France has no trouble planting their flag on the citadel. As interpreted through this artwork, the attitude of the colonized towards the colonizers is that their invasion was unfair and their presence is unwelcome. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">First Indochina War, US public video clip from December, 1953 ("sear the //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">red gorillas //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> with flaming napalm"): ** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"> media type="custom" key="5442981" =**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Prezi__ **=

media type="custom" key="5485101"

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">__Sources__ **
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Ferry, Jules FC. "Modern History Sourcebook: Jules Ferry (1832-1893): On French Colonial Expansion." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">FORDHAM.EDU //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Web. 01 Mar. 2010. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1884ferry.html>."First Indochina War." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Web. 01 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina_War>."French Indochina." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Association of the 1st Battalion (Mechanized) //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <http://www.ichiban1.org/html/history/bc_1964_prewar/french_indochina_1858_1941.htm>. //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">French Indochina, Viet Minh & Dien Bien Phu //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. YouTube, 27 Feb. 2007. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4Ggih20lpc>."French Indochina." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Web. 01 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina>. //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">French Vietnam Flag //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Photograph. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <http://images.vector-images.com/115/french_vietnam_fl_n10337.gif>."Ho Chi Minh : Biography." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Spartacus Educational //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Web. 01 Mar. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/VNhochiminh.htm>."Indochina War Timeline: 1946." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">The Vietnam War //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Web. 01 Mar. 2010. <http://www.vietnamgear.com/Indochina1946.aspx>."Indochina." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina>."Phan Dinh Phung." //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Www.VietManitoba.com. //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;"> Web. 01 Mar. 2010. <http://www.vietmanitoba.com/vietpeople/phan_dinh_phung.htm>. //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Vietnamese Perspective of French Invasion of Indochina //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. 1884. Photograph. McGraw-Hill. Web. <ttp://www.ibiblio.org/pub/multimedia/pictures/asia/vietnam/history/hunghoa.jpg>.//The war in Indochina goes on //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">Daily Motion //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. 15 May 2007. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1zi26_the-war-in-indochina-goes-on-121953_news?from=rss>.