Algeria

Hey guys it's Lukach with feedback on your wiki, prezi, and overall grade.

First off, the wiki. Your answers are strong, and you do a great job of showing your research on the spot with links. Some of your answers are a bit underdeveloped, like looking at what the French were hoping to gain from colonization, as well as details surrounding the key characters of the colonization. **36/40**

The Prezi looked pretty good. Nice visuals. The drawback is that it was a bit brief, and lacked some of the "big picture" elements I was hoping for. You both had excellent poise and very strong presentation styles. **18/20**

Individual Participation. From my perspective, you two seemed to collaborate well together, both putting a solid amount of work into this assignment. **20/20

Nice job.**

=ALGERIA =

 In 1830, a fleet of French ships sailed to the ports of Algeria in order to settle debt disputes with the Dey of Algiers. Despite the fact that France was only one fifth the size of the North African country, government officials became fond of the idea of taking over the "vast, empty space" ([|link]) that was Algeria. The invasion began with a three-year blockade of Algeria, which was unsuccessful because the tonnage of the French ships required them to stay far out in the Mediterranean, and the ships from Algeria, which were much smaller, could easily exploit the geography of the coast. Admiral Duperré led the invasion of Algeria, which lasted less than three weeks due to superior organization and artillery. The Ordinance of July 22, 1834 made France's possession of Northern Algeria official. **  A "French Algerian" Flag **2: Was the colonization violent or peaceful?** The conquest to colonize Algeria was particularly brutal, and the violence and disease that came with it caused a decline in the native Berber population from 1830 to 1872. This campaign was just the first that needed to be won, since the dey (the ruler of Algeria) had long lost control over surrounding provinces. The conquest of the rest of the now broken country took 18 years. 
 * 1: Who colonized Algeria and when?
 * 3: In one paragraph, describe the life of the indigenous people before the Europeans showed up.**

Algeria, the second largest country in Africa, has been inhabited since prehistoric times by populations of Northern Africans who eventually merged into a single ethnic group known as the Berbers. The Berbers were simple and self sufficient, raising cattle and hunting game in order to survive. Culturally, they indulged in the arts by creating cave paintings of farmers and livestock. Algerian people had always struggled with invasion and had been occupied multiple times by the Carthaginians, the Romans, the Vandals, and the Byzantine Empire. The Berbers enjoyed a period of self-rule during the beginning of the Middle Ages until the coming of Islam and Muslim Arab rulers. The land was then conquered by Spaniards, and then the Ottomans. When the Ottoman Empire was weakened by the Black Plague, the land was colonized by the French Empire. Berber Cave Paintings [|(link]) Charles X, the king of France at the time, ordered the invasion to increase his popularity with the French people, but mostly the occupants of Paris. The French also sought the money of the wealthy African country and the resources, such as food, which grew quickly in the fertile Algerian soil. ** Charles X of France **5: Identify 3 key characters in the process of colonization. At least one should be European, and at least one should be indigenous.**
 * 4:What did the European colonizer hope to economically gain in taking this territory? 

**Charles X**: Charles X was the king of France who originally ordered that the country be invaded by his military. He had extremely selfish motives, particularly since he was seeking popularity among his people. **Admiral Duperré**: He led the invasion of Algeria, which lasted less than three weeks. For his efforts, he was awarded with a //pair de France,// a great honor that dated back to the Middle Ages. **Lalla Fadhma**: An Algeria woman who, under Bou Baghla, gave rousing speeches to convince many Algerians to fight against the French as //imseblem// (volunteers ready to become martyrs) for their country. She often appeared in combat herself with Bou Baghla. Lalla Fadhma in combat The French began to feel pressure to grant Algeria independence from various countries around the world. On March 19, 1962, France declared a cease fire in order to halt the vicious war against Algeria.
 * Abd-El-Kader**: Opposition against the French rulers was very strong. In 1839, Abd-El-Kader, emir of Mascara (a city in western Algeria), proclaimed jihad, or holy war, against the French intruders, surrendering only in 1847. Other emirs in surrounding areas, who had become relatively independent before the invasion, resisted through warfare or through simple disobedience against the invaders.
 * Bou Baghla**: An Algeria freedom fighter who led guerrilla attacks against the French.
 * 6: How long was your territory a colony? When did it gain independence, and why? 

Algeria was occupied by France for 132 years. While its official independence day was July 3rd, 1962, the Provisional Executive thought it would be a better idea to proclaim July 5th as the official day since that would be the 132nd anniversary of French invasion.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; text-align: center;"> 7. In general, do you think that colonization was a good thing for your territory? In 1954, the Algerians attempted to rebel against French rule during the Battle of Algiers which took place in the capital city of French Algeria. Atrocities were committed against innocent civilians in the fight for Algerian independence. Ever since the war ended in 1960, the citizens have been oppressed and considered "a minority in their 'own' nation" ([|link] ). Therefore, the colonization, overall, had a negative effect on Algeria. It first destabilized a fairly wealthy, prosperous nation and then corrupted its people and chance of success in the future. **

**Death Totals:** ** (in the war for independence; estimated) // Algeria : 1.5 million  // //  France : 350,000  //

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; text-align: center;"> 8. Find two primary sources that are affiliated with your colonization. One must be European, one must be indigenous. (embed them in your wiki) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">European (French) Source (written by a Frenchman named Heffernan): <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12.1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">“To patriotic bourgeois liberals, Algerian colonization had two added advantages. In the first place, it would spread French language and culture beyond the Mediterranean and into the vast continent of Africa. This was an important consideration in view of the geographical expansion of English settlement around the world and the challenge this posed to French cultural hegemony. Secondly, the settlement of Algeria using colonists from all over Europe, and the incorporation of the colony into a greater France, might begin to remedy France’s slow population growth, which was already causing concern.” ( [|link] )  ** "You [i.e., the French general] know how much my recently deceased father, Shaykh Sidi Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, cared for France and was devoted to the public good ... his conduct and his works were always in perfect harmony with the ideas of the French government. All that he possessed—land, goods, and flocks—were willed to me in numerous inheritance documents which I now have in my possession. He did this so that no one else, neither man nor woman, could claim this property after his death. Upon my father’s death, I took his place [as religious leader] and, in accordance with custom, I distributed alms to the poor, the miserable, the unfortunate, and to [penniless] students as well as to travelers and my father’s religious disciples.... I have come to ask you in the name of my father and the services that he rendered to put a stop to the injustices and theft of which I am a victim; I appeal to your fairness and impartiality." ( [|link])
 * Indigenous (Algerian) Source (written by** **Lalla Zaynab (1850-1904)**, an Algerian woman born some 20 years after the French invasion in an oasis on the Sahara’s northern rim):

The French saw the colonization as a way to spread French culture and language. They wanted their people to spread as well, and were concerned with the drop in birth rates within France. They also wished to take as much from the country as possible. From Lalla Zaynab's letter, it seems that they did not have a problem with ignoring a will of a rich religious leader in order to take all of his possessions after death. They wanted to spread the French Empire, and gain as much as possible in the process.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">9. How do these primary sources help to explain the attitudes of the colonized and the colonizers? **

Although most Algerians fought fiercely against the colonization, there were some who wanted to coexist with the French. Many Algerian leaders supported the idea of being ruled by a western power, and probably supported many western values as well. Shaykh Sidi Muhammad seemed especially ahead of his time, by allowing his daughter to come into the possession of his goods after his death.

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 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">Bibliography

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 32px;"> "ALGERIA." 2000. Web. ****<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 32px;"><http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Algeria%20Fact%20Sheet.htm>.

"Algeria, Colonial Rule". // Encyclopædia Britannica //. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 39 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10.692px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac92 **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">"Algeria Independence France 1954-1962." //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">OnWar.com - Wars, Military History, International Relations //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">. 2003. Web. <http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/algeria1954.htm>.

<http://battleofalgiers.tripod.com/id4.html>.

"Present Day, Post Colonial Algeria." //The Battle of Algiers-- The truth behind one of the bloodiest wars fought on the African Continent//. Web. "Women in World History: PRIMARY SOURCES." //Center for History and New Media//. Web. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/178.html>.